- Tax brackets show you the tax rate you will pay on each portion of your income. For example, if you are single, the lowest tax rate of 10% is applied to the first $9,875 of your income in 2020. The next chunk of your income is then taxed at 12%, and so on, up to the top of your taxable income.
- How-to: Use parentheses/brackets to group expressions in a Windows batch file. Parenthesis can be used to split commands across multiple lines. This can make code more readable. Variables will be evaluated for the code block just as if the command was a single line.
If the standard double-elimination bracket arrangement is being used, then each round of the L Bracket is conducted in two stages; a minor stage followed by a major stage. Both contain the same number of matches (assuming there are no byes) which is the same again as the number of matches in the corresponding round of the W Bracket. Aug 28, 2020 How does a face mask bracket work, exactly? While there are different bracket makers out there, the brackets all tend to have the same design. Each bracket has a pear shape, with a narrow top that.
Cite thisIn the seventh edition of the Publication Manual, we standardized the way to present descriptive information in references. This blog post explains how to use parentheses and square brackets in APA Style references.
Parentheses
APA Style uses parentheses in references to present supporting information important for a work's identification and retrieval. Examples of information presented in parentheses in references include the following:
- edition information for books
- editor and/or translator names for authored books
- volume numbers for books when the book does not have a separate volume title
- page numbers for edited book chapters
- season and episode information for TV show episodes
- version numbers for data sets and software
Information in parentheses appears either on the work itself or on closely related material (e.g., in the database record for the work). The information is presented in parentheses because it is not a part of the actual title of the work. Do not italicize parenthetical information, even if the title of the work is italicized.
How Do Brackets Work In Basketball
The following example report reference contains a parenthetical report number:
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Eating disorders: About more than food (NIH Publication No. TR 17-4901). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders/eatingdisorders_148810.pdf
- Parenthetical citation: (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018)
- Narrative citation: National Institute of Mental Health (2018)
Square brackets
APA Style uses square brackets to describe works. The descriptions serve various purposes, including the following:
- identifying the context in which a work was published or presented (e.g., dissertations and theses, conference presentations)
- identifying when a source is outside the typical peer-reviewed literature (e.g., fact sheets, brochures, PowerPoint slides, artwork, social media posts, YouTube videos)
- indicating that the source may not consist of text on a page (e.g., films, data sets, computer software, and mobile apps)
- providing translations of titles for references that are in a different language than that of the paper (e.g., books in a different language; see also Section 9.38).
Square brackets indicate that the writer has provided the information and that it may not appear on the actual work. You can create your own wording for the bracketed description (see Section 9.21). Do not italicize bracketed information, even if the title of the work is italicized.
The following example YouTube video reference contains a bracketed description of form (i.e., video).
American Psychological Association. (2019, August 8). Introducing the 7th ed. APA Style Publication Manual [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5JWKbrHOAE
- Parenthetical citation: (American Psychological Association, 2019)
- Narrative citation: American Psychological Association (2019)
Choosing parentheses or brackets
In general, to determine whether to use parentheses or brackets in a reference, look at the template and reference example in the Publication Manual for the type of work you want to cite. When both parentheses and brackets are present, place the parenthetical information first and the bracketed description second.
The following dissertation example reference contains both parentheses and brackets (corresponding to the publication number in parentheses and the description of the context of the work in brackets).
Philips, L. B. (2020). The adult learner's story: An exploratory narrative of experiencing an introductory English composition classroom (Publication No. 27547186) [Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2316856768.html?FMT=AI
- Parenthetical citation: (Philips, 2020)
- Narrative citation: Philips (2020)
We hope this post will help you use parentheses and brackets correctly in APA Style.
Parentheses
APA Style uses parentheses in references to present supporting information important for a work's identification and retrieval. Examples of information presented in parentheses in references include the following:
- edition information for books
- editor and/or translator names for authored books
- volume numbers for books when the book does not have a separate volume title
- page numbers for edited book chapters
- season and episode information for TV show episodes
- version numbers for data sets and software
Information in parentheses appears either on the work itself or on closely related material (e.g., in the database record for the work). The information is presented in parentheses because it is not a part of the actual title of the work. Do not italicize parenthetical information, even if the title of the work is italicized.
How Do Brackets Work In Basketball
The following example report reference contains a parenthetical report number:
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Eating disorders: About more than food (NIH Publication No. TR 17-4901). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders/eatingdisorders_148810.pdf
- Parenthetical citation: (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018)
- Narrative citation: National Institute of Mental Health (2018)
Square brackets
APA Style uses square brackets to describe works. The descriptions serve various purposes, including the following:
- identifying the context in which a work was published or presented (e.g., dissertations and theses, conference presentations)
- identifying when a source is outside the typical peer-reviewed literature (e.g., fact sheets, brochures, PowerPoint slides, artwork, social media posts, YouTube videos)
- indicating that the source may not consist of text on a page (e.g., films, data sets, computer software, and mobile apps)
- providing translations of titles for references that are in a different language than that of the paper (e.g., books in a different language; see also Section 9.38).
Square brackets indicate that the writer has provided the information and that it may not appear on the actual work. You can create your own wording for the bracketed description (see Section 9.21). Do not italicize bracketed information, even if the title of the work is italicized.
The following example YouTube video reference contains a bracketed description of form (i.e., video).
American Psychological Association. (2019, August 8). Introducing the 7th ed. APA Style Publication Manual [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5JWKbrHOAE
- Parenthetical citation: (American Psychological Association, 2019)
- Narrative citation: American Psychological Association (2019)
Choosing parentheses or brackets
In general, to determine whether to use parentheses or brackets in a reference, look at the template and reference example in the Publication Manual for the type of work you want to cite. When both parentheses and brackets are present, place the parenthetical information first and the bracketed description second.
The following dissertation example reference contains both parentheses and brackets (corresponding to the publication number in parentheses and the description of the context of the work in brackets).
Philips, L. B. (2020). The adult learner's story: An exploratory narrative of experiencing an introductory English composition classroom (Publication No. 27547186) [Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2316856768.html?FMT=AI
- Parenthetical citation: (Philips, 2020)
- Narrative citation: Philips (2020)
We hope this post will help you use parentheses and brackets correctly in APA Style.
Related and recent
How Do Brackets Work In World Cup
